Proto-Central IE sample conjugations
The following verb conjugations of Proto-Central IE a reproduced from Ringe as an exercise.
Note
For now, participles are omitted, since these are nominals and as such are affected by PIE declension.
h₁(é)s- ‘be’ root imperfective only, active only
| 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | h₁ésmi | h₁ésṃ | h₁ésoh₂ | h₁siḗm (< h₁siéh₁m?) | — |
| 2sg. | h₁ési (< h₁es-si) | h₁és (< h₁és-s) | h₁ésesi | h₁siéh₁s | h₁es, h₁sdʰí |
| 3sg. | h₁ésti | h₁ést | h₁éseti | h₁siéh₁t | h₁éstu |
| 1du. | h₁suós | h₁sué | h₁ésowos | h₁sih₁wé | — |
| 2du. | h₁stés | h₁stóm | h₁ésetes | h₁sih₁tóm | h₁stóm |
| 3du. | h₁stés | h₁stā́m | h₁ésetes | h₁sih₁tā́m | h₁stā́m |
| 1pl. | h₁sṃós | h₁sṃé | h₁ésemos | h₁sih₁mé | — |
| 2pl. | h₁sté | h₁sté | h₁ésete | h₁sih₁té | h₁sté |
| 3pl. | h₁sténti1 | h₁sténd | h₁ésonti | h₁sih₁énd | h₁éntu |
l(é)ykʷ- ‘leave behind‘ root perfective with nasal-infix imperfective (lin(é)kʷ) and reduplicated stative (lel(é/ó)ykʷ-)
Imperfective, active
| 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | linékʷmi | linékʷṃ | linékʷoh₂ | linkʷiḗm | — |
| 2sg. | linékʷsi | linékʷs | linékʷesi | linkʷiéh₁s | linékʷ, linkʷdʰí |
| 3sg. | linékʷti | linékʷt | linékʷeti | linkʷiéh₁t | linékʷtu |
| 1du. | linkuós | linkué | linékʷowos | linkʷih₁wé | — |
| 2du. | linkʷtés | linkʷtóm | linékʷetes | linkʷih₁tóm | linkʷtóm |
| 3du. | linkʷtés | linkʷtā́m | linékʷetes | linkʷih₁tā́m | linkʷtā́m |
| 1pl. | linkʷṃós | linkʷṃé | linékʷomos | linkʷih₁mé | — |
| 2pl. | linkʷté | linkʷté | linékʷete | linkʷih₁té | linkʷté |
| 3pl. | linkʷénti | linkʷénd | linékʷonti | linkʷih₁énd | linkʷéntu |
Imperfective, mediopassive
| 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | linkʷh₂áy | linkʷh₂á | linékʷoh₂ay | linkʷih₁h₂á | — |
| 2sg. | linkʷth₂áy | linkʷth₂á | linékʷeth₂ay | linkʷih₁th₂á | ??? |
| 3sg. | linkʷtóy | linkʷtó | linékʷetoy | linkʷih₁tó | ??? |
| 1du. | linkuósdʰh₂ | linkuédʰh₂ | linékʷowosdʰh₂ | linkʷih₁wédʰh₂ | — |
| 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| 1pl. | linkʷṃósdʰh₂ | linkʷṃédʰh₂ | linékʷomosdʰh₂ | linkʷih₁médʰh₂ | ??? |
| 2pl. | linkʷdʰh₂ué | linkʷdʰh₂ué | linékʷedʰh₂ue | linkʷih₁dʰh₂ué | linkʷdʰh₂ué |
| 3pl. | linkʷṇtóy | linkʷṇtó | linékʷontoy | linkʷih₁ró2 | ??? |
Perfective, active
| 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | léykʷṃ | léykʷoh₂ | likʷyḗm | — |
| 2sg. | léykʷs | léykʷesi | likʷyéh₁s | léykʷ, likʷdʰí |
| 3sg. | léykʷt | léykʷeti | likʷyéh₁t | léykʷtu |
| 1du. | likwé | léykʷowos | likʷih₁wé | — |
| 2du. | likʷtóm | léykʷetes | likʷih₁tóm | likʷtóm |
| 3du. | likʷtā́m | léykʷetes | likʷih₁tā́m | likʷtā́m |
| 1pl. | likʷmé | léykʷomos | likʷih₁mé | — |
| 2pl. | likʷté | léykʷete | likʷih₁té | likʷté |
| 3pl. | likʷénd | léykʷonti | likʷih₁énd | likʷéntu |
Perfective, mediopassive
| 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | likʷh₂á | léykʷoh₂ay | likʷih₁h₂á | — | |
| 2sg. | likʷth₂á | léykʷeth₂ay | likʷih₁th₂á | ??? | |
| 3sg. | likʷtó | léykʷetoy | likʷih₁tó | ??? | |
| 1du. | likwédʰh₂ | léykʷowosdʰh₂ | likʷih₁wédʰh₂ | — | |
| 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | |
| 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | |
| 1pl. | likʷmédʰh₂ | léykʷomosdʰh₂ | likʷih₁médʰh₂ | — | |
| 2pl. | likʷdʰh₂ué | léykʷedʰh₂ue | likʷih₁dʰh₂ué | likʷdh₂ué | |
| 3pl. | likʷṇtó | léykʷontoy | likʷih₁ró | ??? |
Stative
| indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | lelóykʷh₂a | leléykʷoh₂ | lelikʷyḗm | — |
| 2sg. | lelóykʷth₂a | leléykʷesi | lelikʷyeh₁s | ???, lelikʷdʰí |
| 3sg. | lelóykʷe | leléykʷeti | lelikʷyeh₁t | ??? |
| 1du. | lelikwé | leléykʷowos | lelikʷih₁wé | — |
| 2du. | ??? | leléykʷetes | lelikʷih₁tóm | ??? |
| 3du. | ??? | leléykʷetes | lelikʷih₁tā́m | ??? |
| 1pl. | lelikʷmé | leléykʷomos | lelikʷih₁mé | ??? |
| 2pl. | lelikʷé | leléykʷete | lelikʷih₁té | ??? |
| 3pl. | lelikʷḗr | leléykʷonti | lelikʷih₁end | ??? |
dʰ(é)h₁- ‘put’ root perfective with reduplicated athematic perfective (dʰédʰ(e)h₁-)
Imperfective, active
| 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | dʰédʰeh₁mi | dʰédʰēm | dʰédʰeh₁oh₂ | dʰédʰh₁ih₁ṃ | — |
| 2sg. | dʰédʰeh₁si | dʰédʰeh₁s | dʰédʰeh₁esi | dʰédʰh₁ih₁s | dʰédʰeh₁, dʰédʰh₁dʰi |
| 3sg. | dʰédʰeh₁ti | dʰédʰeh₁t | dʰédʰeh₁eti | dʰédʰh₁ih₁t | dʰédʰeh₁tu |
| 1du. | dʰédʰh₁uos | dʰédʰh₁ue | dʰédʰeh₁owos | dʰédʰh₁ih₁we | — |
| 2du. | dʰédʰh₁tes | dʰédʰh₁tom | dʰédʰeh₁etes | dʰédʰh₁ih₁tom | dʰédʰh₁tom |
| 3du. | dʰédʰh₁tes | dʰédʰh₁tām | dʰédʰeh₁etes | dʰédʰh₁ih₁tām | dʰédʰh₁tām |
| 1pl. | dʰédʰh₁ṃos | dʰédʰh₁ṃe | dʰédʰeh₁omos | dʰédʰh₁ih₁me | — |
| 2pl. | dʰédʰh₁te | dʰédʰh₁te | dʰédʰeh₁ete | dʰédʰh₁ih₁te | dʰédʰh₁te |
| 3pl. | dʰédʰh₁ṇti | dʰédʰh₁ṇd | dʰédʰeh₁ondi | dʰédʰh₁ih₁end | dʰédʰh₁ṇtu |
Imperfective, mediopassive
| 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | dʰédʰh₁h₂ay | dʰédʰh₁h₂a | dʰédʰeh₁oh₂ay | dʰédʰh₁ih₁h₂a | — |
| 2sg. | dʰédʰh₁th₂ay | dʰédʰh₁th₂a | dʰédʰeh₁eth₂ay | dʰédʰh₁ih₁th₂a | ??? |
| 3sg. | dʰédʰh₁toy | dʰédʰh₁to | dʰédʰeh₁etoy | dʰédʰh₁ih₁to | ??? |
| 1du. | dʰédʰh₁uosdʰh₂ | dʰédʰh₁uedʰh₂ | dʰédʰeh₁owosdʰh₂ | dʰédʰh₁ih₁wedʰh₂ | — |
| 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| 1pl. | dʰédʰh₁ṃosdʰh₂ | dʰédʰh₁ṃedʰh₂ | dʰédeh₁omosdʰh₂ | dʰédʰh₁ih₁medʰh₂ | — |
| 2pl. | dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂ue | dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂ue | dʰédeh₁edʰh₂ue | dʰédʰh₁ih₁dʰh₂ue | dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂ue |
| 3pl. | dʰédʰh₁ṇtoy | dʰédh₁ṇto | dʰédeh₁ontoy | dʰédʰh₁ih₁ro | ??? |
Perfective, active
| 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | dʰḗm | dʰéh₁oh₂ | dʰh₁iḗm | — |
| 2sg. | dʰéh₁s | dʰéh₁esi | dʰh₁ieh₁s | dʰéh₁, dʰh₁dʰí |
| 3sg. | dʰéh₁t | dʰéh₁eti | dʰh₁ieh₁t | dʰéh₁tu |
| 1du. | dʰh₁ué | dʰéh₁owos | dʰh₁ih₁wé | — |
| 2du. | dʰh₁tóm | dʰéh₁etes | dʰh₁ih₁tóm | dʰh₁tóm |
| 3du. | dʰh₁tā́m | dʰéh₁etes | dʰh₁ih₁tā́m | dʰh₁tā́m |
| 1pl. | dʰh₁ṃé | dʰéh₁omos | dʰh₁ih₁mé | — |
| 2pl. | dʰh₁té | dʰéh₁ete | dʰh₁ih₁té | dʰh₁té |
| 3pl. | dʰh₁énd | dʰéh₁onti | dʰh₁ih₁énd | dʰh₁éntu |
Perfective, mediopassive
| 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | dʰh₁h₂á | dʰéh₁oh₂ay | dʰh₁ih₁h₂á | — |
| 2sg. | dʰh₁th₂á | dʰéh₁eth₂ay | dʰh₁ih₁th₂á | ??? |
| 3sg. | dʰh₁tó | dʰéh₁etoy | dʰh₁ih₁tó | ??? |
| 1du. | dʰh₁uédʰh₂ | dʰéh₁owosdʰh₂ | dʰh₁ih₁wédʰh₂ | — |
| 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| 1pl. | dʰh₁ṃédʰh₂ | dʰéh₁omosdʰh₂ | dʰh₁ih₁médʰh₂ | — |
| 2pl. | dʰh₁dʰh₂ué | dʰéh₁edʰh₂ue | dʰh₁ih₁dʰh₂ué | dʰh₁dʰh₂ué |
| 3pl. | dʰh₁ṇtó | dʰéh₁ontoy | dʰh₁ih₁ró | ??? |
bʰér- ‘carry’ simple thematic imperfective only
Imperfective, active
| 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | bʰéroh₂ | bʰérom | bʰérōh₂ | bʰéroyh₁ṃ3 | — |
| 2sg. | bʰéresi | bʰéres | bʰérēsi | bʰéroys | bʰére4 |
| 3sg. | bʰéreti | bʰéret | bʰérēti | bʰéroyt | bʰéretu |
| 1du. | bʰérowos | bʰérowe | bʰérōwos | bʰéroywe | — |
| 2du. | bʰéretes | bʰéretom | bʰérētes | bʰéroytom | bʰéretom |
| 3du. | bʰéretes | bʰéretām | bʰérētes | bʰéroytām | bʰéretām |
| 1pl. | bʰéromos | bʰérome | bʰérōmos | bʰéroyme | — |
| 2pl. | bʰérete | bʰérete | bʰérēte | bʰéroyte | bʰérete |
| 3pl. | bʰéronti | bʰérond | bʰérōnti | bʰéroyh₁end | bʰérontu |
Imperfective, mediopassive
| 1ary indic. | 2ary indic | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | bʰéroh₂ay | bʰéroh₂a | bʰérōh₂ay | bʰéroyh₂a | — |
| 2sg. | bʰéreth₂ay | bʰéreth₂a | bʰérēth₂ay | bʰéroyth₂a | ??? |
| 3sg. | bʰéretoy | bʰéreto | bʰérētoy | bʰéroyto | ??? |
| 1du. | bʰérowosdʰh₂ | bʰérowedʰh₂ | bʰérōwosdʰh₂ | bʰéroywedʰh₂ | — |
| 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| 1pl. | bʰéromosdʰh₂ | bʰéromedʰh₂ | bʰérōmosdʰh₂ | bʰéroymedʰh₂ | — |
| 2pl. | bʰéredʰh₂ue | bʰéredʰh₂ue | bʰérēdʰh₂ue | bʰéroydʰh₂ue | bʰéredʰh₂ue |
| 3pl. | bʰérontoy | bʰéronto | bʰérōntoy | bʰéroyro | ??? |
gʷ(é)m- ‘step’ root perfective with sḱé-present (gʷṃsḱé/ó-) and reduplicated stative (gʷegʷ(é/ó)m-), active only
Imperfective, active
| 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | gʷṃsḱóh₂ | gʷṃsḱóm | gʷṃsḱōh₂ | gʷṃsḱóyh₁ṃ | — |
| 2sg. | gʷṃsḱési | gʷṃsḱés | gʷṃsḱḗsi | gʷṃsḱóys | gʷṃsḱé |
| 3sg. | gʷṃsḱéti | gʷṃsḱét | gʷṃsḱḗti | gʷṃsḱóyt | gʷṃsḱétu |
| 1du. | gʷṃsḱówos | gʷṃsḱówe | gʷṃsḱṓwos | gʷṃsḱóywe | — |
| 2du. | gʷṃsḱétes | gʷṃsḱétom | gʷṃsḱḗtes | gʷṃsḱóytom | gʷṃsḱétom |
| 3du. | gʷṃsḱétes | gʷṃsḱétām | gʷṃsḱḗtām | gʷṃsḱóytām | gʷṃsḱétām |
| 1pl. | gʷṃsḱémos | gʷṃsḱéme | gʷṃsḱṓmos | gʷṃsḱóyme | — |
| 2pl. | gʷṃsḱéte | gʷṃsḱéte | gʷṃsḱḗte | gʷṃsḱóyte | gʷṃsḱéte |
| 3pl. | gʷṃsḱónti | gʷṃsḱónd | gʷṃsḱṓnti | gʷṃsḱóyh₁end | gʷṃsḱóntu |
Perfective, active
| 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | gʷḗm5 | gʷémoh₂ | gʷṃyḗm | — |
| 2sg. | gʷḗm6 | gʷémesi | gʷṃyéh₁s | gʷém, gʷṃdʰí |
| 3sg. | gʷémd | gʷémeti | gʷṃyéh₁t | gʷémtu |
| 1du. | gʷṃwé | gʷémowos | gʷmih₁wé | — |
| 2du. | gʷṃtóm | gʷémetes | gʷmih₁tóm | gʷṃtóm |
| 3du. | gʷṃtā́m | gʷémetes | gʷmih₁tā́m | gʷṃtā́m |
| 1pl. | gʷṃmé | gʷémomos | gʷmih₁mé | — |
| 2pl. | gʷṃté | gʷémete | gʷṃih₁té | gʷṃté |
| 3pl. | gʷménd | gʷémonti | gʷṃih₁énd | gʷṃéntu |
Stative, active
| indicative | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | gʷegʷómh₂a | gʷegʷémoh₂ | gʷegʷṃyḗm | — |
| 2sg. | gʷegʷómth₂a | gʷegʷémesi | gʷegʷṃyéh₁s | ???, gʷegʷṃdʰi |
| 3sg. | gʷegʷóme | gʷegʷémeti | gʷegʷṃyéh₁t | ??? |
| 1du. | gʷegʷṃwé | gʷegʷémowos | gʷegʷmih₁wé | — |
| 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| 1pl. | gʷegʷṃmé | gʷegʷémomos | gʷegʷmih₁mé | — |
| 2pl. | gʷegʷmé | gʷegʷémete | gʷegʷmih₁té | ??? |
| 3pl. | gʷegʷmḗr | gʷegʷémonti | gʷegʷmih₁énd | ??? |
wéǵʰ- ‘transport (in a vehicle)’ simple thematic imperfective with s-perfective (wḗ/éǵʰ-s-)
Imperfective, active
| 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | wéǵʰoh₂ | wéǵʰom | wéǵʰōh₂ | wéǵʰoyh₁ṃ3 | — |
| 2sg. | wéǵʰesi | wéǵʰes | wéǵʰēsi | wéǵʰoys | wéǵʰe4 |
| 3sg. | wéǵʰeti | wéǵʰet | wéǵʰēti | wéǵʰoyt | wéǵʰetu |
| 1du. | wéǵʰowos | wéǵʰowe | wéǵʰōwos | wéǵʰoywe | — |
| 2du. | wéǵʰetes | wéǵʰetom | wéǵʰētes | wéǵʰoytom | wéǵʰetom |
| 3du. | wéǵʰetes | wéǵʰetām | wéǵʰētes | wéǵʰoytām | wéǵʰetām |
| 1pl. | wéǵʰomos | wéǵʰome | wéǵʰōmos | wéǵʰoyme | — |
| 2pl. | wéǵʰete | wéǵʰete | wéǵʰēte | wéǵʰoyte | wéǵʰete |
| 3pl. | wéǵʰonti | wéǵʰond | wéǵʰōnti | wéǵʰoyh₁end | wéǵʰontu |
Imperfective, mediopassive
| 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | wéǵʰoh₂ay | wéǵʰoh₂a | wéǵʰōh₂ay | wéǵʰoyh₂a | — |
| 2sg. | wéǵʰeth₂ay | wéǵʰeth₂a | wéǵʰēth₂ay | wéǵʰoyth₂a | ??? |
| 3sg. | wéǵʰetoy | wéǵʰeto | wéǵʰētoy | wéǵʰoyto | ??? |
| 1du. | wéǵʰowosdʰh₂ | wéǵʰowedʰh₂ | wéǵʰōwosdʰh₂ | wéǵʰoywedʰh₂ | — |
| 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? |
| 1pl. | wéǵʰomosdʰh₂ | wéǵʰomedʰh₂ | wéǵʰōmosdʰh₂ | wéǵʰoymedʰh₂ | — |
| 2pl. | wéǵʰedʰh₂ue | wéǵʰedʰh₂ue | wéǵʰēdʰh₂ue | wéǵʰoydʰh₂ue | wéǵʰedʰh₂ue |
| 3pl. | wéǵʰontoy | wéǵʰonto | wéǵʰōntoy | wéǵʰoyro | ??? |
Perfective, active
| 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg. | wḗǵʰsṃ | wéǵʰsoh₂ | wéǵʰsih₁ṃ | — |
| 2sg. | wḗǵʰs | wéǵʰsesi | wéǵʰsih₁s | wḗǵʰs |
| 3sg. | wḗǵʰst | wéǵʰseti | wéǵʰsih₁t | wḗǵʰstu |
| 1du. | wéǵʰsue | wéǵʰsowos | wéǵʰsih₁we | — |
| 2du. | wéǵʰstom | wéǵʰsetes | wéǵʰsih₁tom | wéǵʰstom |
| 3du. | wéǵʰstām | wéǵʰsetes | wéǵʰsih₁tām | wéǵʰstām |
| 1pl. | wéǵʰsṃe | wéǵʰsomos | wéǵʰsih₁me | — |
| 2pl. | wéǵʰste | wéǵʰsete | wéǵʰsih₁te | wéǵʰste |
| 3pl. | wéǵʰsṇd | wéǵʰsonti | wéǵʰsih₁end | wéǵʰsṇtu |
Perfective, mediopassive
Since the s-perfective mediopassive was remodelled in every daughter, we can only guess that the conjugation had e-grade stems and the usual affixes.
#state/tidy | #lang/en | #SemBr
Footnotes
-
I am unsure as to the reason for lack of syllabification. ↩
-
Apparent preserved archaism ↩
-
Appears that primary PIE syllabification of sonorants occurs prior to PIE laryngeal deletion (thus putting the laryngeal in the terminal syllable with ṃ), but Siever's law occurs after, exemplified by the entries below. ↩ ↩2