Properly discontinuous group action

Orbit space of a properly discontinuous group action

Let 𝐺 be a (discrete) group acting continuously and properly discontinuously on a topological space ˜𝑋, and let 𝑋 =˜𝑋/𝐺 be the orbit space with the quotient topology and projection 𝑝 :˜𝑋 𝑋. Then 𝑝 is a covering.1 #m/thm/topology

Proof

Let 𝑥 =𝑝(˜𝑥) =𝐺˜𝑥 𝑋. Since 𝐺 acts properly discontinuously, ˜𝑥 has an open neighbourhood ˜𝑈 such 𝛾1˜𝑈 𝛾2˜𝑈 = for any 𝛾1,𝛾2 𝐺 with 𝛾1 𝛾2. Then 𝑈 =𝑝(˜𝑈) =𝐺˜𝑈 is an evenly covered open neighbourhood of 𝑥: 𝑝1(𝑈) =𝑝1(𝑝(˜𝑈)) = ⨿𝛾𝐺𝛾˜𝑈 and 𝑝 𝛾˜𝑈 :𝛾˜𝑈 𝑈 is a homeomorphism for each 𝛾 𝐺, since it is surjective and continuous (by construction), injective (no to points in ˜𝑈 lie in the same orbit by proper continuity), and open (in fact 𝑝 is open, since ˜𝑉 open implies 𝛾˜𝑉 open for all 𝛾, so 𝛾𝛾˜𝑉 =𝑝1𝑉 is open and thus 𝑉 =𝑝(˜𝑉) is open). Thus every 𝑥 𝑋 has an evenly covered neighbourhood, so 𝑝 is a covering of the orbit space 𝑋 with ˜𝑋 itself.

Properties


#state/tidy | #lang/en | #SemBr

Footnotes

  1. 2010, Algebraische Topologie, pp. 81–82